Datetime module of Python time series

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Hello everyone , I am a Peter~

In the first chapter Python In the article of time series Peter In detail time modular , This article focuses on datetime modular .

This module can be said to be time Upgraded version of the module , Use is more common and common , The usage is also more comprehensive . The article will explain the use of this module through various examples .

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Table of contents reference of this article ：

Pandas article

Pandas Relevant articles are updated to page 26 piece , The focus in the near future is ：Python or Pandas How to deal with The time series Relevant data .

The last article was ：time Module explanation , Please refer to ：

datetime modular

Main categories

datetime The main classes contained in the module are ：

• date： Date object , Common attributes are year, month, day etc.
• time： Time object , The main attributes are hour, minute, second, microsecond
• datetime： Date time object , attribute date And attribute datetime The combination of
• datetime_CAPI： Date object C Language interface
• timedelta： The time interval between two times
• tzinfo： Abstract base class of time zone information object

Constant

There are mainly two constants ：

1. MAXYEAR： Returns the maximum year that can be represented ,datetime.MAXYEAR
2. MINYEAR： Returns the smallest year that can be represented ,datetime.MINYEAR

5 Categories:

What follows datetime Module 5 Specific use methods of large categories ：

• date
• time
• datetime
• timedelta
• tzinfo

We must import the module before we use it

from datetime import *   # * Represents all classes under the module 
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date class

date Object by year year 、month Month and day The date consists of three parts ：

current time

#  The way 1

from datetime import date

datetime.today().date()
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datetime.date(2021, 10, 20)
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#  The way 2

from datetime import date

# today Is a date object , Returns the current date 
today = date.today()
today  
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datetime.date(2021, 10, 20)
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adopt year、month、day 3 A property descriptor to access ：

print(" This year, ：",today.year)   #  return today Year of object 
print(" This month, ：",today.month)  #  return today Month of object 
print(" Today, ：",today.day)   #  return today The day of the object 
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 This year, ： 2021
 This month, ： 10
 Today, ： 20
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adopt __getattribute__(...) Methods the above values were obtained ：

today.__getattribute__("year")
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2021
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today.__getattribute__("month")
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10
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today.__getattribute__("day")
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20
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Besides , We can also visit other date Class information ：

print(" The current date ：",today)  #  The current date 
print(" The current date ( String form )：",today.ctime())   #  Returns a string of dates 
print(" Time ( Tuple form )：",today.timetuple())   #  Time tuple information for the current date 
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 The current date ： 2021-10-20
 The current date ( String form )： Wed Oct 20 00:00:00 2021
 Time ( Tuple form )： time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=20, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=293, tm_isdst=-1)
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print(" This week ：",today.weekday())  # 0 On behalf of Monday , Reason by analogy 
print(" The ordinal number of the Gregorian calendar ：",today.toordinal())  #  Returns the ordinal number of the Gregorian date 
print(" year / Weeks / week ：",today.isocalendar())   #  Returns a tuple ： Weeks of the year , What day 
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 This week ： 2
 The ordinal number of the Gregorian calendar ： 738083
 year / Weeks / week ： (2021, 42, 3)
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Custom time

Specify an arbitrary time ：

#  Customize a time 

new_date = date(2021,12,8)  
new_date
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datetime.date(2021, 12, 8)
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#  Return different properties 

print("year: ", new_date.year)
print("month: ", new_date.month)
print("day: ", new_date.day)
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year:  2021
month:  12
day:  8
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#  Return time tuple 
new_date.timetuple()
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time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=12, tm_mday=8, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=342, tm_isdst=-1)
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#  Returns the Gregorian ordinal number 

new_date.toordinal()
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738132
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#  Back to the week ,0 On behalf of the week 1,1 On behalf of the week 2

new_date.weekday()
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2
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#  Back to the week ,1 On behalf of the week 1,2 On behalf of the week 2

new_date.isoweekday()
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3
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#  Return a tuple ：（ year , Week , What day of the week ）

new_date.isocalendar()
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(2021, 49, 3)
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#  With ISO 8601 Format ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ return date String form of 

new_date.isoformat()
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'2021-12-08'
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#  Returns a string of dates 

new_date.ctime()
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'Wed Dec  8 00:00:00 2021'
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Specify different date output formats ：

#  Returns the date string in the specified format 

new_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
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'2021-12-08'
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new_date.strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
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'2021/12/08'
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new_date.strftime("%Y year %m month %d Japan ")
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'2021 year 12 month 08 Japan '
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#  Replacement time , For example, we replace new_date

r_date = new_date.replace(2021,11,10)
r_date
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datetime.date(2021, 11, 10)
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under these circumstances , We create a new date object , Of course, we can also display the specified parameters ：

new_date.replace(year=2021,month=11,day=11)
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datetime.date(2021, 11, 11)
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Gregorian ordinal number correlation

The ordinal number of the Gregorian calendar is and toordinal Method related

#  View the Gregorian ordinal number of the current date 

to_timestamp = today.toordinal()
to_timestamp
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738083
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Convert a given Gregorian ordinal number to a specific time and date ：fromordinal

print(date.fromordinal(to_timestamp))
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2021-10-20
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Timestamp conversion

By function fromtimestamp To convert

import time
t = time.time()  #  Timestamp of current time 
t
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1634732660.382036
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print(date.fromtimestamp(t))  #  Time stamp ---> date 
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2021-10-20
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Convert arbitrary timestamp ：

date.fromtimestamp(1698382719)
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datetime.date(2023, 10, 27)
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Time format

#  Now we're right today Object to format the output 

today
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datetime.date(2021, 10, 20)
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print(today.strftime("%Y/%m/%d"))
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2021/10/20
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print(today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
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2021-10-20
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time class

Create objects

First create an arbitrary time

from datetime import time

t = time(20,30,40,1000)
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Access common properties

Hours, minutes and seconds are common attributes

print(t.hour)  #  when 
print(t.minute) #  branch 
print(t.second)  #  second 
print(t.microsecond)  #  Microsecond 
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20
30
40
1000
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Format output

#  return  ISO 8601 Format time string 

t.isoformat()
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'20:30:40.001000'
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#  Specify the format of the output 

t.strftime("%H:%M:%S:%f")
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'20:30:40:001000'
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alike , It also has the function of replacement ：

#  Implicit replacement 
t.replace(14,37,8)
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datetime.time(14, 37, 8, 1000)
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#  Explicit substitution 

t.replace(hour=4,minute=18,second=19)
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datetime.time(4, 18, 19, 1000)
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datetime class

datetime Object contains date Objects and time All information about the object . Exclusive datetime Summary of methods and properties ：

• date(…)： return datetime The date part of the object
• time(…)： return datetime The time part of the object
• utctimetuple(…)： return UTC Time tuple part

Generate current date

from datetime import datetime 

k = datetime.today()  #  Current specific time 
print(k)
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2021-10-20 20:24:23.053493
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Access different attribute information of the current time ：

print("year:",k.year)
print("month:",k.month)
print("day:",k.day)
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year: 2021
month: 10
day: 20
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Generate current time

#  Return the current specific time 

n = datetime.now()
n
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datetime.datetime(2021, 10, 20, 20, 24, 23, 694127)
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#  return datetime The date part of the object 

n.date()
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datetime.date(2021, 10, 20)
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#  return datetime The time part of the object 

n.time()
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datetime.time(20, 24, 23, 694127)
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#  return datetime Object's UTC Time tuple part 

n.utctimetuple()
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time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=20, tm_hour=20, tm_min=24, tm_sec=23, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=293, tm_isdst=0)
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You can also generate other attribute information ：

#  Returns the current UTC Date and time datetime object 

print(datetime.utcnow())
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2021-10-20 12:24:24.241577
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#  Of a given timestamp datetime object 

print(datetime.fromtimestamp(1697302830))  
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2023-10-15 01:00:30
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#  Specifies the... Of the Gregorian ordinal number datetime object 

print(datetime.fromordinal(738000) )
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2021-07-29 00:00:00
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#  Stitching date and time 

print(datetime.combine(date(2020,12,25), time(11,22,54)))  
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2020-12-25 11:22:54
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Specify any time

#  Specify an arbitrary time 

d = datetime(2021,9,25,11,24,23)
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print(d.date())  #  date 
print(d.time())  #  Time 
print(d.timetz())  #  from datetime Split the specific time zone attribute in time

print(d.timetuple())  #  time tuples 
print(d.toordinal())  #  and date.toordinal equally 
print(d.weekday())  #  Two weeks 
print(d.isoweekday())
print(d.isocalendar())  # ISO Format output 
print(d.isoformat())
print(d.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))  #  Specify the format 
print(d.replace(year=2021,month=1))  #  Replace 
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2021-09-25
11:24:23
11:24:23
time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=11, tm_min=24, tm_sec=23, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=268, tm_isdst=-1)
738058
5
6
(2021, 38, 6)
2021-09-25T11:24:23
2021-09-25 11:24:23
2021-01-25 11:24:23
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Format output

#  Direct formatted output of time 

print(datetime.strptime("2020-12-25","%Y-%m-%d"))
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2020-12-25 00:00:00
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For given datetime Object's formatted output , For example, the instantiated object created above k：

k
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datetime.datetime(2021, 10, 20, 20, 24, 23, 53493)
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#  Format output 

k.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
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'2021-10-20 20:24:23'
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timedelta class

timedelta Object represents a time period , Two dates (date) Date or time (datetime) Difference between .

Currently, parameters are supported :weeks、days、hours、minutes、seconds、milliseconds、microseconds.

The current date

from datetime import timedelta, date, datetime

d = date.today()  #  The current date 
d
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datetime.date(2021, 10, 20)
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print(" today ：",d)
print(" add 5 God ：",d + timedelta(days=5))  #  add 5 God 
print(" add 3 God +8 Hours ：", d + timedelta(days=3,hours=8))  #  add 3 Days and 8 Hours 
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 today ： 2021-10-20
 add 5 God ： 2021-10-25
 add 3 God +8 Hours ： 2021-10-23
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At the current time

#  At the current time 
now = datetime.now()  
now
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datetime.datetime(2021, 10, 20, 20, 24, 26, 777335)
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print(now + timedelta(hours=4))  #  add 4 Hours 
print(now + timedelta(weeks=2))  #  add 2 Last week 
print(now - timedelta(seconds=500))  #  subtract 500 second 
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2021-10-21 00:24:26.777335
2021-11-03 20:24:26.777335
2021-10-20 20:16:06.777335
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datetime Object difference

delta = datetime(2020,12,26) - datetime(2020,12,12,20,12)
print(delta)
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13 days, 3:48:00
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delta.days  #  Date interval ： God 
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13
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delta.seconds  #  Date interval ： second 
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13680
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delta.total_seconds()  # #  Turn it all into seconds 
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1136880.0
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The difference between the two dates

d1 = datetime(2021,10,1)
d2 = datetime(2021,10,8)
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d1.__sub__(d2)  # d1 - d2
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datetime.timedelta(days=-7)
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d2.__sub__(d1) # d2 - d1
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datetime.timedelta(days=7)
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# rsub To express with d2 - d1

d1.__rsub__(d2)   
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datetime.timedelta(days=7)
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The difference between the above two dates is datetime.timedelta, If you get an integer type result, do the following ：

d1.__sub__(d2).days
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-7
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tzinfo class

The main function is to specify the time zone of the time

Designated time zone

from datetime import date, timedelta, datetime, timezone

tz_utc_8 = timezone(timedelta(hours=8)) #  Create a time zone 
print(tz_utc_8)
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UTC+08:00
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now = datetime.now()
print(now)
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2021-10-20 20:24:28.844732
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new_time = now.replace(tzinfo=tz_utc_8)  #  Force to add 8 Hours 
print(new_time)
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2021-10-20 20:24:28.844732+08:00
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Time zone switching

#  obtain UTC Time 
utc_now = datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)  #  Appoint utc The time zone 
print(utc_now)
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2021-10-20 12:24:29.336367+00:00
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#  adopt astimezone Switch to East eight 

beijing = utc_now.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8)))
print(beijing)
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2021-10-20 20:24:29.336367+08:00
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# UTC Time zone switch to East nine ： Tokyo time 

tokyo = utc_now.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
print(tokyo)
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2021-10-20 21:24:29.336367+09:00
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#  Beijing time. （ East eight ） Switch directly to Tokyo time （ East nine ）

tokyo_new = beijing.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
print(tokyo_new)
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2021-10-20 21:24:29.336367+09:00
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Common applications

Time stamp to date

import time
now_timestamp = time.time()
now_timestamp
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1634732670.286224
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# 1- Turn to a specific point in time 

now = time.ctime(now_timestamp)  
print(now)
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Wed Oct 20 20:24:30 2021
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# 2- The timestamp is first converted into a time tuple ,strftime After converting to the specified format 

now_tuple = time.localtime(now_timestamp)
print(now_tuple)
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time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=20, tm_hour=20, tm_min=24, tm_sec=30, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=293, tm_isdst=0)
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time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S", now_tuple)
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'2021/10/20 20:24:30'
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#  Select a specific timestamp 

timestamp = 1618852721

a = time.localtime(timestamp)  #  Get data in time tuple form 
print(" Time tuple data ：",a)
time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S", a)  #  format 
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 Time tuple data ： time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=20, tm_hour=1, tm_min=18, tm_sec=41, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=110, tm_isdst=0)





'2021/04/20 01:18:41'
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time.ctime(1618852741)
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'Tue Apr 20 01:19:01 2021'
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Date time to timestamp

Given a string type of date data , How to convert it into the time format we want ？

date = "2021-10-26 11:45:34"

# 1、 Time string into time array form 
date_array = time.strptime(date, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
date_array
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time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=11, tm_min=45, tm_sec=34, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=299, tm_isdst=-1)
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# 2、 Look at the time array data 

print(" Time array ：", date_array)
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 Time array ： time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=11, tm_min=45, tm_sec=34, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=299, tm_isdst=-1)
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# 3、mktime Time array into time stamp 

time.mktime(date_array)
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1635219934.0
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Date formatting

import time

old = "2021-09-12 12:28:45"

# 1、 Convert to a time array 
time_array = time.strptime(old, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

# 2、 Convert to a new time format (2021/09/12 12-28-45)
new = time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H-%M-%S",time_array)  #  Specify the display format 

print(" Original format time ：",old)
print(" New format time ：",new)
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 Original format time ： 2021-09-12 12:28:45
 New format time ： 2021/09/12 12-28-45
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