Python notes (V): string operation

Little knowledge , Great challenge ！ This article is participating in “ A programmer must have a little knowledge ” Creative activities .

Hello everyone , I am a A bowl week , One doesn't want to be drunk ( Internal volume ) The front end of the . If you are lucky enough to get your favor , I'm very lucky ~

Definition of string

So-called character string , Is the 0 One or more A finite sequence of characters .

stay Python In the program , If we put single or multiple characters in single quotation marks '' Or double quotes "" Wrap it up , Can represent a string , You can also break lines with three single quotes or double quotes . The characters of a string can be special symbols 、 English letter 、 Chinese characters 、 Hiragana or Katakana in Japanese 、 The Greek letter 、Emoji Characters and so on .

The following code shows Python String in ：

text1 = " This is a string wrapped in double quotes "
text2 = ' This is a string wrapped in single quotes '
text3 = """  This is string wrapped in three quotation marks   You can keep the original format  """

print(text1)
print(text2)
print(text3)

 Copy code 

The code runs as follows ：

 This is a string wrapped in double quotes 
 This is a string wrapped in single quotes 

 This is string wrapped in three quotation marks 
 You can keep the original format 

 Copy code 

Escape string and original string

Python Use a backslash in “” To express escape , in other words The following content will not be the original content , for example \n It means to wrap , Instead of saying And character n 了 ; So if the string itself contains '、"、 These special characters , Must pass `` Escapes .

The sample code is as follows ：

text1 = "\'Hello world\'"  #  The output is wrapped in single quotation marks Hello world
text2 = '\\Hello world\\'  #  The output is wrapped by two backslashes Hello world


print(text1)
print(text2)

 Copy code 

The following shows python Some of the escape characters in ：

Escape character	describe
( When at the tail )	Line continuation operator
\	Backslash notation
'	Single quotation marks
"	Double quotes
\a	Ring the bell
\b	Backspace (Backspace)
\000	empty
\n	Line break
\v	Vertical tabs
\t	Horizontal tabs
\r	enter
\f	Change the page
\oyy	Octal number ,yy Representative character , for example ：\o12 On behalf of the line , among o It's the letters , Not numbers 0.
\xyy	Hexadecimal number ,yy Representative character , for example ：\x0a On behalf of the line
\other	The other characters are output in normal format

The original string is Python A special type of string in , In capital letters R Or lowercase letters r Start . In the original string , character “\” No longer represents the meaning of escape characters .

The sample code is as follows ：

text1 = " Those who made great achievements in ancient times ,\n It's not just super talent ,\n There must be perseverance "
text2 = r" Those who made great achievements in ancient times ,\n It's not just super talent ,\n There must be perseverance "

print(text1)
print(text2)
 Copy code 

Run the code as follows ：

 Those who made great achievements in ancient times ,
 It's not just super talent ,
 There must be perseverance 
 Those who made great achievements in ancient times ,\n It's not just super talent ,\n There must be perseverance 
 Copy code 

Operation of string

Python There are many operators for string types

Splicing operator

Use + Operator to realize string splicing , Use * Operator to repeat the contents of a string

text1 = "Hello,world"
text2 = "!"
print(text1 + text2)  # Hello,world!
print(text2 * 10)  # !!!!!!!!!!
 Copy code 

use * It is important to realize the repetition of strings , For example, to print a separation line, if it is written as --------------- It's going to be a lot of trouble , But if you use - * 20 It's easy

Members of the operation

Python Can be used in the in and not in Determine whether there is another character or string in a string ,in and not in Operations are often called member operations , Will produce Boolean values True or False

text1 = "Hello,world"
text2 = " A bowl week "
print("llo" in text1)  # True
print(" Zhou " not in text2)  # False
print(" porridge " not in text2)  # True
 Copy code 

Get string length

With built-in functions len() To get the length of characters

text1 = "Hello,world"
text2 = " A bowl week "
print(len(text1))  # 11
print(len(text2))  # 3

 Copy code 

Index and slice

If you reference a character in a string , You can index characters from （ notes ：Python Of Index value from 0 At the beginning ）, The operator is [n], among n It's an integer , Suppose the length of the string is N, that n It can be from 0 To N-1 The integer of , among 0 Is the index of the first character in the string , and N-1 Is the index of the last character in the string , Usually called Forward index ; stay Python in , The index of the string can also be from -1 To -N The integer of , among -1 Is the index of the last character , and -N Is the index of the first character , Usually called Negative index .

It is worth noting that , because Strings are immutable types , therefore Characters in a string cannot be modified by index operation .

text1 = "Hello,world"
text2 = " A bowl week "
N1 = len(text1)
N2 = len(text2)
#  Get the first character 
print(text1[0], text1[-N1])  # H H
print(text2[0], text2[-N2])  #  One   One 
#  Get the last character 
print(text1[N1 - 1], text1[-1])  # d d
print(text2[N2 - 1], text2[-1])  #  Zhou   Zhou 
#  Get the index as 2 and -2 The characters of 
print(text1[2], text1[-2])  # l l
print(text2[2], text2[-2])  #  Zhou   bowl 

 Copy code 

Be careful ： If the index is out of bounds （ That is, the index value is not within the index range ） Can cause mistakes , for example

print(text2[222])
 Copy code 

The error message is as follows ：

IndexError: string index out of range # （ The string index is out of range ）
 Copy code 

If you want to take out multiple characters , To slice a string , The operator is [i:j:k], among i It's the beginning of the index , The character corresponding to the index can't get N-1 perhaps -1;j It's the end index , The character corresponding to the index cannot be obtained 0 perhaps -N;k It's the step length , The default value is 1, Represents a continuous slice of adjacent characters taken from front to back （ It can be omitted ）, If k The value of is a positive number , That is to say Forward index ; If k The value of is negative , That is to say Negative index .

s = '123456789abcdef, A bowl week '
# i=3, j=6, k=1 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[3:6])       # 456

# i=-17, j=-14, k=1 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[-17:-14])     # 456

# i=16, j= Default , k=1 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[16:])        #  A bowl week 

# i=-4, j= Default , k=1 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[-3:])       #  A bowl week 

# i=8, j= Default , k=2 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[8::2])      # 9bdf a week 

# i=-12, j= Default , k=2 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[-12::2])     # 8ace, bowl 

# i= Default , j= Default , k=2 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[::2])       # 13579bdf a week 

# i= Default , j= Default , k=1 Forward slice of 
print(s[:])         # 123456789abcdef, A bowl week 

# i=1, j=-1, k=2 Forward slicing operation 
print(s[1:-1:2])    # 2468ace, bowl 

print("-"*20)

# i=7, j=1, k=-1 Negative slice operation 
print(s[7:1:-1])    # 876543

# i=-13, j=-19, k=-1 Negative slice operation 
print(s[-13:-19:-1])  # 876543

# i=8, j= Default , k=-1 Negative slice operation 
print(s[8::-1])     # 987654321

# i= Default , j=1, k=-1 Negative slice operation 
print(s[:15:-1])     #  Zhou Wanyi 

# i= Default , j= Default , k=-1 Negative slice of 
print(s[::-1])      #  Zhou Wanyi ,fedcba987654321

# i= Default , j= Default , k=-2 Negative slice of 
print(s[::-2])      #  Monday fdb97531

 Copy code 

i The default value of is the first number ,j The default value of is the end number （ Including itself ）

It is worth noting that , The returned string includes i barring j Of .

String method

stay Python Use the methods of the type of string to process and operate the string , For a variable of string type , Use Variable name . Method name () To call its methods . The so-called method is actually a function bound to a certain type of variable .

Convert case

s1 = 'hello, world!'

#  Use capitalize Method to obtain the string after the initial letter of the string is capitalized 
print(s1.capitalize())   # Hello, world!
#  Use title Method to get the string after the first letter of each word is capitalized 
print(s1.title())        # Hello, World!
#  Use upper Method to obtain the capitalized string 
print(s1.upper())        # HELLO, WORLD!

s2 = 'GOODBYE'
#  Use lower Method to obtain the lowercase string of the string 
print(s2.lower())        # goodbye

 Copy code 

Search operation

If you want to find out whether there is another string from front to back in a string , You can use string find or index Method .

s = 'hello, world!'

# find Method to find the location of another string from the string 
#  Found the index of the first character of another string in the return string 
print(s.find('or'))        # 8
#  No return found -1
print(s.find('shit'))      # -1
# index Methods and find The method is similar to 
#  Found the index of the first character of another string in the return string 
print(s.index('or'))       # 8
#  Exception thrown not found 
print(s.index('shit'))     # ValueError: substring not found

 Copy code 

In the use of find and index Method, you can also specify the search range through the parameters of the method , Just don't have to index 0 The position begins .``find and index There are also reverse lookup methods （ Search back and forth ） Version of , Namely rfind and rindex`

s = 'hello good world!'

#  Find characters from front to back o Position of appearance ( Equivalent to the first time )
print(s.find('o'))       # 4
#  From index to 5 Start looking for characters at the position of o Position of appearance 
print(s.find('o', 5))    # 7
#  Find characters from back to front o Position of appearance ( Equivalent to the last time )
print(s.rfind('o'))      # 12
 Copy code 

Property judgment

You can use the of string startswith、endswith To determine whether a string starts and ends with a string ; You can also use is The method at the beginning determines the characteristics of the string , These methods all return Boolean values .

s1 = 'hello, world!'

# startwith Method checks whether the string starts with the specified string and returns a Boolean value 
print(s1.startswith('He'))    # False
print(s1.startswith('hel'))   # True
# endswith Method checks whether the string ends with the specified string and returns a Boolean value 
print(s1.endswith('!'))       # True

s2 = 'abc123456'

# isdigit Method checks whether the string is composed of numbers and returns a Boolean value 
print(s2.isdigit())    # False
# isalpha Method checks whether the string is composed of letters and returns a Boolean value 
print(s2.isalpha())    # False
# isalnum Method checks whether the string is composed of numbers and letters, and returns a Boolean value 
print(s2.isalnum())    # True

 Copy code 

Formatted string

stay Python in , The string type can be through center、ljust、rjust The method is to center 、 Left and right alignment processing .

s = 'hello, world'

# center Method in width 20 Center the string and fill it on both sides *
print(s.center(20, '*'))  # ****hello, world****
# rjust Method in width 20 Align the string to the right and fill in spaces on the left 
print(s.rjust(20))        # hello, world
# ljust Method in width 20 Align the string to the left and fill it on the right ~
print(s.ljust(20, '~'))   # hello, world~~~~~~~~
 Copy code 

Python2.6 Start , Added a function to format strings str.format(), It enhances string formatting .

The basic grammar is through {} and : To replace the old % .

a = 111
b = 222
print('{0} + {1} = {2}'.format(a, b, a + b)) # 111 + 222 = 333
c = "hello"
d = "world"
#  Does not set the specified location , By default 
print("{} {}".format(c, d))        # hello world
print("{0} {1}".format(c, d))      # hello world
print("{1} {0}".format(d, c))      # hello world
print("{1} {0} {1}".format(c, d))  # world hello world
 Copy code 

from Python 3.6 Start , Format strings in a more concise way , Is to add... Before the string f To format a string , In this way f In the string beginning with ,{ Variable name } It's a place holder , It will be replaced by the corresponding value of the variable .

a = 111
b = 222
print(f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}") # 111 + 222 = 333
c = "hello"
d = "world"
print(f"{c} {d}")        # hello world
 Copy code 

Various operations on number formatting

Numbers	Format	Output	describe
3.1415926	{:.2f}	3.14	Keep two decimal places
3.1415926	{:+.2f}	+3.14	Keep two decimal places with symbols
-1	{:+.2f}	-1.00	Keep two decimal places with symbols
2.71828	{:.0f}	3	Without decimals
5	{:0>2d}	05	Zero up the number ( Fill left , Width is 2)
5	{:x<4d}	5xxx	Number complement x ( Fill the right side , Width is 4)
10	{:x<4d}	10xx	Number complement x ( Fill the right side , Width is 4)
1000000	{:,}	1,000,000	Comma separated number format
0.25	{:.2%}	25.00%	Percentage format
1000000000	{:.2e}	1.00e+09	Index notation
13	{:>10d}	13	Right alignment ( Default , Width is 10)
13	{:<10d}	13	Align left ( Width is 10)
13	{:^10d}	13	Align in the middle ( Width is 10)
11	'{:b}'.format(11)<br>'{:d}'.format(11) '{:o}'.format(11) '{:x}'.format(11)<br>'{:#x}'.format(11) '{:#X}'.format(11)	1011<br> 11<br> 13<br>b<br>0xb<br>0XB	Base number

They're centered 、 Align left 、 Right alignment , Width of back band ,: Number followed by a filled character , It can only be one character , If it is not specified, it is filled with spaces by default .

+ Indicates that... Is displayed before a positive number +, Display before negative number -; （ Space ） Means adding a space before a positive number b、d、o、x They're binary 、 Decimal system 、 octal 、 Hexadecimal .

Trim operation

strip() Method is used to remove the original string and trim the left and right specified characters （ The default is space or newline ） Or character sequence . This method is of great practical value , It is usually used to remove the leading and trailing spaces in user input because of careless typing ,strip There are ways lstrip( namely left strip) and rstrip( namely right strip) Two versions .

s = '  A bowl week  \t\n'
# strip Method to obtain the string after trimming the left and right spaces of the string 
print(s.strip())    #  A bowl week 

s1 = "!!! A bowl week !!!"
print(s1.lstrip("!"))  #  A bowl week !!!
print(s1.rstrip("!"))  # !!! A bowl week 

 Copy code