This is my participation 11 The fourth of the yuegengwen challenge 19 God , Check out the activity details ：2021 One last more challenge

Preface

stay matplotlib At first, the module only supported drawing 2D graphics , For example, we have also learned to draw a line chart before 、 Histogram 、 Histogram and other statistical charts , At the same time, learn to draw multiple subgraphs 、 Common graphics, etc . Here are some examples of previous articles , For reference

• matplotlib The underlying structure ：matplotlib The module is divided into script layer 、 Art layer and back end , Collaborative workflow learning

• matplotlib Draw line chart ：pyplot.plot() Draw a line chart and summarize the related attributes

• matplotlib Draw a histogram ：pyplot.bar() Draw the relevant attributes of the Shao histogram to summarize and explain

• matplotlib Draw histogram ：pyolot.hist() Draw histogram related attributes for summary description

• matplotlib Drawing graphics ： For common rectangles 、 Introduction to drawing methods of circle and other graphics

With the development of technology ,matplotlib Modules in 2D The basis of drawing , Encapsulate practical 3D Drawing toolkit mplot3d To support us to draw faster 3D graphics .

In this issue , We will study in detail 3D Drawing module mplot3d Related drawing methods ,Let's go~

1. mplot3d summary

mplot3d Kuo is matplotlib The module is dedicated to drawing 3D The image provides 2D Projective Axes object , by Matplotlib Added the ability to plot scatter plot 、 Surface graph 、 Broken line diagram 、 Grid, etc .

• mplot3d characteristic

  • mplot3d Allow users to create matplotlib 2D Drawing is simple 3D graphics
  • mplot3d The method is easy to use , Directly available 2D Method to draw
  • mplot3d draw 3D Image and 2D Images share the same rendering engine , There may be Z Deviation of axis projection
  • mplot3d Styles can be personalized by changing parameters

• mplot3d Use

We are using mplot3d When it comes to toolkits , Need extra use from...import Import Axes3D class

from  mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
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PS：

• pyplot Class cannot 3D Add content to the drawing 、 Handle 3D Additional information, etc , You have to use Axes3D Object to create
• mplot3d draw 3D Graphical methods are not yet mature , For complex 3D Figure scene , It is recommended to use Mayavi

2. draw 3D Graphic steps

stay matplotlib Drawing is provided in the module 3D Graphics need mplot3d in Axes3D Object and the pyplot Methods used in combination , So draw 3D There are the following steps for graphics

• Import matplotlib.pyplot and mpl_toolkits.mplot3d in Axes3D class

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from  mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
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• Use Pyplot.figure Create a fig Canvas object

fig = plt.figure()
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• stay fig Create a band in the canvas 3D Coordinate Axes object

  • Mode one ： Use to create subgraphs through projection='3D' To create

  ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
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  • Mode two ： call Axes3D Class to create objects

  ax = Axes3D(fig)
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• call numpy.random perhaps numpy.arange() And so on x,y Axis data

x = np.arange(-5,5,0.25)
y = np.arange(-5,5,0.25)
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• call numpy.meshgrid() Method pair x,y Mapping matrix

x,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
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• according to x,y The matrix data is calculated according to the demand Z Axis data , For example, call numpy.sin()、cos() function

R = np.sqrt(x**2+y**2)
z = np.cos(R)
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• Axes Object call pyplot Charting 、 Drawing by graphic method , For example, call contour map contour、 Surfaces plot_surface()

ax.plot_surface(x,y,z,rstride=1,cstride=1,alpha=0.5,cmap=cm.coolwarm)

ax.contour(x,y,z,zdir='z',offset=-2)
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• Axes Object call xlim,ylim,zlim Method setting x,y,z Range of axis values

ax.set_zlim(-2,2)
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• Last call pyplot.show() Show the drawn image

plt.show()
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• The effect of the display is shown in the figure

3. draw 3D Scatter plot

• Use numpy.arange()|numpy.random.randint() Get ready x,y,z Axis of the data
• Axes Object call scatter Scatter plot method to draw scatter plot

x = np.arange(0,200)
y = np.arange(0,100)

x,y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

z = np.random.randint(0,200,size=(100,200))

yc = np.arctan2(x,y)

ax.scatter(x,y,z,c=yc,s=50,marker=".")
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4. draw 3D Broken line diagram

• Use np.linspace() and np.sin() Yes x,y Axis data preparation
• Axes Object call plot() Draw a line chart with the line method

x = np.linspace(0,1,100)
y = np.sin(x*2*np.pi)/2+0.5
ax.plot(x,y,zs=0,zdir="z")
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5. draw 3D Histogram

for z in range(0,3):

    x = np.arange(1,13)
    y = 1000*np.random.rand(12)
    color = plt.cm.Set2(random.choice(range(plt.cm.Set2.N)))
    ax.bar(x,y,zs=z,zdir="y",color=color,alpha=0.8)

ax.set_xlabel("x")
ax.set_ylabel("y")
ax.set_zlabel("z")
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summary

In this issue , Yes matplotlib Module supply mplot3d Library drawing 3D Learn the steps of graphics , At the same time, manually operate the scatter diagram 、 Broken line 、 Histogram 3D chart .

about , draw 3D Graphics must now use Axes3D Object to draw , For complex 3D graphics matplotlib The rendering engine renders poorly , Official recommended use Mayavi To deal with .

The above is the content of this issue , Welcome big guys to praise and comment , See you next time ~